Present perfect

 

– Se hace la pregunta en inglés con Present Perfect,pero se traduce al español en Presente.

A-   How long has he been in Spain?

B-    Cuanto tiempo hace que esta en España?

 

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

 

–         Acciones que empezaron en el pasado  y continuan ahora.

–         Con How long…….+ Since and For

 

A-How long have you been studying english?

C-    I‘ve been studying english for two years

 

–         Acciones que acaban de terminar recientemente

 

A-   You’re very dirty.What have you been doing?

B-    I’ve been playing football 

 

REFLEXIVOS

 

Myself,   Himself,    Herself,    Yourself

Yourselves,    Ourselves,    Themselves

 

Si se les adjunta la particula “By” = Solo

 

She was by herself

Estaba sola

 

Each other     A               B

Paul and Peter live near each other

 

Enjoy..: Siempre necesita un reflexivo u otro objeto al lado

We enjoyed oorselves

BOTH / EITHER / NEITHER

 

BOTH….and… (A and B)…: Ambos / Los dos

Both Auxi and I are studying english

 

EITHER …. or… (A or B)….:Uno u otro / cualquiera

Either Auxi or Álvaro have blue eyes

 

NEITHER …nor… (A nor B )….: Ni lo uno ni lo otro / Ninguno de los dos

Neither Auxi nor Álvaro have curly hair

 

ONE OF US…: Uno de los dos

One of us are fatter than other one

 

– Despues de both y neither el verbo debe ser positivo

–         Pueden llevar detrás un sustantivo

–          

–         Si el sustantivo va precedido de The, These, This, My…se añade “Of”

Both of the …/ Neither of these …

 

-Con pronombres personales, también se añade Of

Both of them     Both of us    Neither of you

Niether of us was ungry

 

–         Con un verbo negativo, se usa  Either  en vez de Neither.

I don’t know either of them

 

–         Neither puede usarse  solo o al principio de la frase

 

POSESIVOS  –‘S  y  OF

 

–         El Apostrophe  -‘S  se usa  con personas

Lo  poseido se coloca detrás y no lleva articulo

My sister’s mouse

–         Of, se usa para hablar de cosas, lugares..

The roof of the building

 

Present Perfect +	En frases del tipo ….	Significa:
ALREADY	–         Afirmativas –         Interrogativas (esperamos que la respuesta sea  afirmativa)	YA YA
YET	–Negativas Interrogativas (No sabemos si la respuesta sera afirmativa o negativa, pedimos apinion)	TODAVÍA YA
JUST	–         Afirmativas  ( Se intercala Just entre el  verbo To Have y el Participio	ACABAR DE:

 

TOO

–         Significa : También

–         Se coloca al final de la frase

–         Va detrás de un verbo afirmativo

I’m happy .  I’m happy too

 

NOT EITHER

-Significa : Tampoco

-Se coloca al final de la frase

-Va detrás de un verbo negativo

I’m not happy . I’m not happy either

 

SO AM I

Estructura: So + auxiliar + sujeto

-Significa: (y) yo también

–         Se usa en frase Positivas

I’m tired . So Am I

 

NEITHER DO I

Estructura: Neither + auxiliar + sujeto

-Significa: (ni) yo tampoco

–         Se usa en frase Negativas

I won’t be here tomorrow. Neither will I

SO       NEITHER

AM/ IS / ARE WAS / WERE DO / DID / DOES HAVE / HAD CAN WILL MUST

 

IMPORTANTE: Cuando no sabemos el auxiliar,: DO/ DOES / DID

NEITHER =NOR

 

SO AM I

(y) yo tambien

 

·        En frases afirmativas

·        Se coloca  al principio de la frase

·        Detrás se coloca el auxiliar (Have, Can, Did…)  correspondiente

al verbo de la frase anterior . Cuando no sabemos el auxiliar,usamos “DO”

 

I’m tired   /    So am I

I was late for work today   /   So was John

I work in a bank   /   So do I

We went to the cinema last night   /   So did we

 

NEITHER  DO  I

(ni) yo tampoco

·        En frases negativas

·        Se coloca  al principio de la frase

·        Detrás se coloca el auxiliar (Have, Can, Did…)  correspondiente

al verbo de la frase anterior . Cuando no sabemos el auxiliar,usamos “DO”

What does he like doing?…..que le gusta hacer?

What does he look like?…… Como es? (de aspecto de apariencia)

Who  does  he look like?……. A quien se parece?

What’s it like?…………..Como es algo? / alguien? (de personalidad)

How is she?……………….Como esta? (de salud)

Nota: Like es un verbo solo en la frase nº1

 

“BASTANTE”

 

SHE’S       QUITE        TALL

VERY

RATHER

FAIRLY

 

Rather es “Bastante” pero en frase negativas,con un tono peyorativo

The meal was rather expensive

 

Fairly, también se traduce por “Bastante” pero con un matiz menor que los otros tres casos.

My parents live in a  fairly large house

Mis padres viven en una casa bastante grande

 

 

No tienen que ver con Enough y Too (suficiente y demasiado)

 

 

What does he like doing?…..que le gusta hacer?

What does he look like?…… Como es? (de aspecto de apariencia)

Who does he look like?……. A quien se parece?

What’s it like?…………..Como es algo? / alguien? (de personalidad)

How is she?……………….Como esta? (de salud)

Nota: Like es un verbo solo en la frase nº1

 

 

 

 

 

LOOK  OR  LOOK LIKE

 

LOOK + ADJECTIVE…..:PERSONALIDAD

LOOK LIKE +NOUN…..:ASPECTO / APARIENCIA

 

OBLIGACION

 

Obligacion propia que yo me impongo y/o moral: MUST (DEBO)

Obligacion externa (una orden dada por tu jefe/padre: HAVE TO (TENGO)

 

POSESIVOS

 

En cuanto al apostrofe:

1.       A photo of my father (una foto donde aparece mi padre)

2.     A photo of my father’s ( Unas fotos que ha pagado my padre aunque no aparezca)

Con pronombres posesivos

A friend of mine

A friend of yours

A friend of hers

A friend of his

A friend of theirs

A friend of ours

 

PARTS OF THE DAY

 

·        MORNING (In the morning): de 8:00 de la mañana a 14:00

·        AFTERNOON (In the afternoon): de 14:00 a 18:00

·        EVENING (In the evening): de 18:00 a 23:00

·        NIGHT(At the night): Despues de las 23:00 

 

 

 

 

/i/ OR /ai/ i entre consonantes =          /i/ (skin, dinner) i + consonante + e =          /ai/ (wine,driver) igh entre consonantes = /ai/ (right,light)

 

PRESENT SIMPLE or PRESENT CONTINUOUS

 

 

 

PRESENT SIMPLE	PRESENT CONTINUOUS
SITUACIONES PERMANENTES I live in a flat	ACCIONES QUE ESTAN SUCEDIENDO “AHORA”,EN EL MOMENTO DE HABLAR  I’m having dinner with friends
ACCIONES HABITUALES + EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO She always has toast for breakfast	PARA  CITAS  FUTURAS What are you doing on friday night?

 

 

 

Los Verbos de posesion,no son usados

en present continuous :

 

WANT, LIKE, LOVE, HATE,

 NEED, PREFER, DEPEND, KNOW,

 MEAN, UNDERSTAND, BELIEVE,

REMEMBER, FORGET

 

 

TIME EXPRESSIONS

 

AT

Se usa para decir la hora

At 8 o’clock / At 10:30 / At midnight

 

Y también:

At weekend /  At night / At christmas / At the  end / At the moment

 

ON

 

Se usa con los dias y las fechas

On Sundays / On April 25 / On my birthday / On Christmas Eve

 

Y también:

On Monday morning / On Saturday night

 

 

IN

 

Se usa con los meses,años y estaciones

In April / In 1996 / In Summer

 

Y también:

In the morning / In the afternoon / In the evening /

In five minutes / in a few days/ In six weeks / In two years

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

QUANTIFIERS

 

Los sustantivos pueden ser CONTABLES o INCONTABLES

 

PARA GRANDES CANTIDADES:

 

      MANERA                    CONTABLE             INCONTABLE

 

           POSITIVO                            A LOT /LOTS OF                  A LOT/ LOTS OF

           NEGATIVO                           (NOT) MANY                       (NOT) MUCH

        INTERROGATIVO                 HOW MANY?                      HOW MUCH?

 

PARA PEQUEÑAS CANTIDADES:

 

      MANERA                      CONTABLE                      INCONTABLE

 

      POSITIVO                                 A FEW                                   A LITTLE

                                                       VERY FEW                          VERY LITTLE

        INTERROGATIVO            HOW MANY?                       HOW MUCH?

 

	Grandes cantidades	Pequeñas cantidades	Cantidad cero	Mas de lo que necesitas	Menos de lo que  necesitas
CONTABLE LOTS OF (-) NOT MANY (?) HOW MANY	(+) A LOT OF	A FEW VERY FEW	NOT…ANY NONE	TOO MANY	NOT ENOUGH
UNCONTABLE LOTS OF (-)NOT MUCH (?)HOW MUCH	(+) A LOT OF	A LITTLE VERY LITTLE	NOT…ANY NONE	TOO MUCH	NOT ENOUGH

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CONTABLE……MANY   /   FEW

INCONTABLE……MUCH   /   LITTLE

 

i HAVE A FEW FRIEND……TENGO MUCHOS AMIGOS

i HAVE FEW FRIENDS….tENGO POCOS AMIGOS

 

A LOT OF …..MUCHO (CANTIDAD)

A LOT …ME GUSTA MUCHO, MUCHAS GRACIAS…

 

TOO + ADJECTIVE

TOO MUCH + NOUN (CONTABLE)

 

REMEMBER:

 

DO YOU GOING (NUNCA!!!)

 

DO + ING SON INCOMPATIBLES

 

 

GERUND

 

1. DESPUES DE PREPOSICIONES

She left without saying goodbye

I´m thinking of buying a flat

 

2. Despues de ciertos verbos ( ”EMOCION” )

LIKE, LOVE, HATE, ENJOY, MIND, FINISH, STOP…

       i love cooking but I hate cleaning

I don’t mind driving you to the airport

 

 

3. COMO EL SUJETO DE LA FRASE

Eating in restaurants is expensive

Swimming is good exercise

 

TO + INFINITIVE 

 

1. DESPUES DE ADJETIVOS

It’s difficult to learn a language

 

2. PARA RESPONDER A WHY? (RAZON / PROPOSITO)

Why did you go to Mexico?

To see my aunt and uncle

 

3. DESPUES DE CIERTOS VERBOS: ( “INTENCION” )

WOULD LIKE, WANT, NEED, DECIDE, HOPE, EXPECT, PLAN, FORGET, SEEM, TRY, PROMISE, OFFER, REFUSE, LEARN,MANAGE

Would you like to come?

I’m hoping to get a better job soon

 

QUESTION TAGS

 

Las QUESTION TAGS, son pequeñas preguntas al final de una frase  que corresponden a expresiones en español como: No? / Verdad? 

 

Si la frase es afirmativa, la question tag es negativa

Si la frase es negativa, la question tag es afirmativa

 

 

Frase afirmativa                                     Q.T. Negativa

 

It’s a beautiful day                                   ins’t it?

She lives in London                             doesn’t she?

You Closed the window                          didn’t you?

Those shoes are nice                           aren’t they?

Tom will be at home tomorrow                 won’t he?

 

Frase Negativa                                       Q.T. Afirmativa

 

That ins’t your car                                       is it?

You don’t smoke                                        do you?

You haven’t met my mother                    have you?

You won’t be late                                      will you?

Usamos DO/DOES para el presente y DID para el pasado

 

SHORT ANSWERS

Usamos las Short Answers  despues de preguntas con respuestas si /no

Para hacer una Short Answer,repetimos el verbo auxiliar.

Si no lo hay ,usamos do/does/did

 

Are you coming with us?              Yes I am / No I’m not

Mary likes reading          Yes she does / No she doesn’t

Do you go out yesterday        Yes,we did / No we didn’t

Have you been here before?   Yes,I have / no I haven’t

Can you cook?                               Yes I can / no I can’t

ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH : GOOD ENOUGH

ENOUGH + NOUN : ENOUGH MONEY

 

I USED TO / I DIDN’T USE TO

(SOLÍA    /    NO SOLÍA)

 

Usamos USED TO /  I DIDN’T USE TO,

 

 Para hábitos que han cambiado

 

I used to drive to work ( but i don’t now)

 

Situaciones pasadas o estados  que han cambiado

 

She used to be a Diana Lookalike (But now,she isn’t)

She used to have short hair (But now,she’s a different style)

 

Para hábitos y/o situaciones del presente usamos USUALLY+ PRESENT SIMPLE

 

I used to eat a lot of meat but now I usually eat fish

 

Porque: USED TO ,no existe en el presente!!!

(+) I USED TO WORK IN A RESTAURANT

(-) I DIDN’T USED TO DRIVE TO WORK

(?) DID YOU USED TO PLAY WITH DOLLS WHEN YOU WERE A CHILD?

WHEN YOU WERE A CHILD, DID YOU USE TO…

 

… SHARE A BEDROOM ?

Yes, I did. When I was a child  I used to share a bedroom.

 

… BE ILL A LOT ?

Yes, I did. I used to be ill a lot.

 

… DO ANY SPORT ?

No, I didn’t. I didn’t use to do any sport.

 

… PLAY IN THE STREET ?

Yes, I did. I used to play in the street .It was funny.

 

… LIKE SCHOOL ?

No, I didn’t. I didn use to like school. It was bored.

 

… EAT A LOT OF SWEETS ?

No, I didn’t. I didn’t use to eat a lot of sweets. I didn’t like they.

 

… WATCH A LOT OF TV ?

Yes, a did. I used to watch a lot of TV.

 

… HATE ANY PARTICULAR FOOD ?

Yes, I did. I used to hate turkey and chicken,Today, already, I hate them

 

… FIGHT WITH YOUR BROTHER OR SISTER ?

Yes, I did: I used to fight with my brothers or sister.

 

… VISIT YOUR GRANDPARENTS ?

No, I didn’t. I didn’t use to visit my grandparents. They were died in that moment.

 

… BE AFRAID OF ANYTHING ?

Yes, I did. I used to be afraid of darkness and Count Drácula!

 

… HAVE A FAVOURITE POP GROUP / SINGER ?

Yes, I did. I used to have a favourite singer and pop group.

 

El comparativo y superlativo de los adjetivos

 

La formación del comparativo y el superlativo de los adjetivos depende del número de sílabas de la palabra.

 

Los adjetivos de una sílaba, excepto aquéllos que terminan en -ed (vexed, bored), forman el comparativo agregando -er y el superlativo agregando -est:

tall      taller       tallest

he’s taller than me

 

big      bigger     biggest

it’s the biggest in the world

 

La mayoría de adjetivos de dos sílabas o más forman el comparativo usando more y el superlativo usando most:

famous more famous     most famous

careful               more careful           most careful

interesting          more interesting     most interesting

Algunos adjetivos de uso frecuente tienen comparativos y superlativos irregulares:

good    better             best

bad     worse              worst

far      further/farther      furthest/farthest

many   more                most

much    more                most

little       less                 least

ANY MORE / ANY LONGER

 

Usamos ANY MORE / ANY LONGER al final de una oracion con un verbo negativo

para indicar que una situación pasada ya no existe.

 

I don’t work there any more

I used to work there but I don’t now

 

ANY LONGER / NO LONGER significan lo mismo que ANY MORE ,

 pero es mas formal

 

This credit card is no longer valid

 

MAKE, LET (+ Person + Infinitive) without TO

BE ALLOWED TO (+ Infinitive)

 

Usamos LET + Person + Infinitive para “permitir”

 

Our teachers let us wear what we like

 

Usamos MAKE  +  Person + Infinitive para “OBLIGACIONES”

(A obliga a B a hacer algo)

 

Our boss makes us work late

Does your teacher make you speak English in class?

 

Usamos BE ALLOWED TO (+ Infinitive) para decir que podemos / no podemos

 

We aren’t allowed to smoke in the office

 

 

 

 

PAST TENSES ARE:

 

MAKE    MADE

LET   LET

BE ALLOWED TO    WAS/WERE ALLOWED TO

THE JOKER

 

El articulo definitivo THE

(El/La/Los/Las)

Usamos THE:

 

·        Para hablar acerca de GENTE, COSAS, SITIOS “ESPECIFICOS”

The books I bought yesterday

 

·        Cuando solo hay UNO de algo (El Sol, La Luna, La Oficina de Correos)

We looked at the Moon

 

·        Si esta CLARO que tú estas hablando sobre eso.

She opened the door and went into the flat

 

·        Con instrumentos musicales

I can play the piano  but no the guitar

 

NO usamos THE

 

·        Cuando estamos hablando acerca de COSAS o GENTE “EN GENERAL”

Men /women are selfish

Love is more important than money

 

·        Con: SITIOS EN GENERAL : School, University, Work, Bed, Hospital, Church…

She’s at school

I start work at 8.00

 

·        Despues de verbos  BE IN/AT, GO TO, GET TO, START, FINISH, LEAVE

How often do you go to church?

 

·        Con NEXT / LAST …WEEK, MONTH, YEAR, SUMMER, MONDAY…

I went to Amsterdam last month

What are you doing next weekend

 

·        Con DEPORTES, COMIDAS, ASIGNATURAS

I hate football but I love cicling

I’m terrible at Maths

 

RESUMEN DE THE

 

SI

 

·        COSAS, SITIOS, GENTE ESPECIFICA

·        SOLO HAY UNA :SOL  LUNA…

·        ESTAMOS HABLANDO DE UNA COSA CLARAMENTE

·        INSTRUMENTOS MUSICALES

 

NO

 

·        COSAS, GENTE EN GENERAL

·        SITIOS EN GENERAL: SCHOOL,WORK,HOSPITAL,UNIVERSITY…

·        DESPUES DE :BE IN/AT,  GO TO, GET TO, START, FINISH, LEAVE

·        CON : NEXT / LAST …MONTH, YEAR, SUMMER, MONDAY...

·        CON DEPORTES, COMIDAS, ASIGNATURAS

 

 

 

 

 

CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO

 

CAN Y COULD SOLO SE UTILIZAN EN TIEMPO PRESENTE Y PASADO

LOS USAMOS PARA DECIR QUE ALGO ES POSIBLE O QUE ALGUIEN TIENE LA HABILIDAD DE HACER ALGO

I can speak German

They can come at 7 o’clock

She couldn’t help me

BE ABLE TO SE UTILIZA EN FUTURO

 

LO USAMOS CUANDO NO ES UNA FORMA DE CAN

 

I’ll be able  to drive next year

She’s never been able to park

I’d like to be able to dance well

I’ll be able to= PODRÉ

Being (Sujeto) able to use= Poder usar

PASADO

USO DEL COULD ó WAS /WERE ABLE TO

USAMOS COULD PARA HABLAR DE UNA HABILIDAD GENERAL

My grandfather could play the piano

USAMOS WAS / WERE BE ABLE TOPARA DECIR QUE ALGUIEN HIZO ALGO EN UNA OCASIÓN ESPECIAL O TENIA UNA DIFICULTAD MUY GRANDE PARA HACERLO

Although the restaurant was very full,  we were able to get a table

I was be able to pass my driving test after six times

 

can y could

La formas negativas de can y could son can’t y couldn’t, pero en contextos formales o enfáticos se suele usar cannot y could not. Cuando expresan la idea de posibilidad o permiso, y en oraciones interrogativas en las que se pide un favor, can equivale a puedo, puedes, etc. y could puede equivaler a podía, podías, etc., pude, pudiste, etc. o podría, podrías, etc.:

 

He can help you      él te puede ayudar

Can you open the door for me?   ¿me puedes abrir la puerta?

She couldn’t understand why   no podía entender por qué

I couldn’t finish the essay   no pude terminar el trabajo

Could you lend me the money?   ¿me podrías prestar el dinero?

We could go by train   podríamos ir en tren

La expresión to be able to sustituye a can y could en los tiempos verbales en que éstos no se utilizan:

Do you think he’ll be able to do it?   ¿crees que podrá hacerlo?

She hopes to be able to  come on Tuesday    espera poder venir el martes

I haven’t been able to do it yet   todavía no he podido hacerlo

 

can’t, could y couldn’t también pueden ir seguidos de have + participio:

He can’t have said that!   ¡ no puede haber dicho eso!

You could have told me!   ¡ me lo podrías haber dicho!

I couldn’t have done it without you    no lo podría haber hecho sin ti

 

can y could equivalen a formas del verbo saber

cuando van seguidos de verbos que expresan una habilidad que se ha adquirido:

She can’t swim  no sabe nadar

Can you type?   ¿sabes escribir a máquina?

He could read when he was four   sabía leer cuando tenía cuatro años

She told us she couldn’t sing   nos dijo que no sabía cantar

 

can y could generalmente no se traducen al español cuando van seguidos de los verbos de los sentidos:

I can’t hear you   no te oigo

I can see why she doesn’t like it   ya veo por qué no le gusta

He couldn’t see a thing   no veía nada

She could smell gas   notó que olía a gas

 

AFIRMATIVO ? / NEGATIVO ?

 

COMO CONOCER SI ES  CAN ó CAN’T  CUANDO NOS LO HABLAN :

 

Si la entonacion va sobre CAN es Afirmativo:

I can stop

 

Si la entonacion va sobre el verbo PRINCIPAL es Negativo

I can’t stop

 

 

	CAN	BE ABLE TO +INFINITIVE
PRESENT SIMPLE FUTURE (WILL) PAST SIMPLE P. PERFECT INFINITIVE GERUND	CAN – COULD – – –	AM/IS/ARE ABLE TO WILL BE ABLE TO WAS/WERE ABLE TO HAS/HAVE BEEN ABLE TO (TO) BE ABLE TO BEING ABLE TO

 

 

SUGERENCIAS

·        LET’S….

·        WHY DON’T WE….?

·        HOW ABOUT…?

 

PARA CUANDO …. ?

 

When is It for ?   Para cuando es ?

When would It be for ?   Para cuando sería /Estaría ?

When will It be for ?   Para será /estará  

 

 

EN CASO

·        In case (Por si acaso)

In case it rains, take an umbrella

 

·        In the event (En caso de )

In the event of fire, call 080

 

 

 

 

 

BASE AND STRONG ADJECTIVES

 

PODEMOS USAR ADJETIVOS QUE AUMENTAN EL SIGNIFICADO DE ALOS ADVERBIOS .POR EJEMPLO VERY Y ABSOLUTELY

 

NO PODEMOS DECIR ABSOLUTELY BIG PORQUE ABSOLUTELY SOLO VA CON STRONG ADJECTIVES.  Y NI PODEMOS DECIR

 VERY ENORMOUS PORQUE ENORMOUS YA SIGNIFICA VERY BIG.

 

BASE ADJECTIVE		STRONG ADJECTIVE
COLD		FREEZING
TASTY		DELICIOUS
INTERESTING		FASCINATING
BAD	HORRID, HORRIBLE, AWFUL,TERRIBLE, DISGUSTING
GOOD	PERFECT, MARVELLOUS, SUPERB, WONDERFUL,
DIRTY			FILTHY
FUNNY			HILARIOUS
FRIGHTENED			TERRIFIED
CLEVER			BRILLIANT
PRETTY			BEAUTIFUL
BIG			ENORMOUS
SAD			TRAGIC
TIRED			EXHAUSTED
COLD			FREEZING
HOT			BOILING
HUNGRY			STARVING
LITTLE			TINY
ANGRY			FURIOUS
SURPRISED			AMAZED. ASTONISHED
SURE			POSITIVE

ED = PEOPLE    I’M BORED (SOY ABURRIDO)

 

ING =THINGS /PERSON I’M BORING (ESTOY ABURRIDO)                                      IT’S BORING ES ABURRIDO

A SEVERAL PHRASAL VERBS

FIND OUT		DESCUBRIR
GET ON (WELL)		LLEVARSE (BIEN)
GIVE UP		DEJAR
GO ON		SEGUIR
GO UP		SUBIR /AUMENTAR
LIE DOWN		TUMBARSE /HECHARSE
LOOK FOR		BUSCAR
LOOK UP	BUSCAR INFORMACION
PUTT OFF		POSPONER
SET OFF		PONERSE EN CAMINO

 

   MAKING REQUESTS

 

EN INGLES HAY MUCHAS FORMAS DE HACER PETICIONES:

 

CAN

COULD

                                            YOU HELP ME PLEASE?

WILL

WOULD

 

CAN

                                                    I   SPEAK TO YOU ,PLEASE?

COULD

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

COULD Y WILL SON MAS INFORMALES

 

Would you mind opening the window?

Le importaría abrir la ventana?

 

Do you mind if I open the window?

Le importa si abro la ventana?

 

CAN YOU…?    OR   COULD YOU..?

 

SE USAN PARA PEDIR A LAS PERSONAS QUE HAGAN ALGO    (PUEDES, PODRÍAS?)

 

Can / could) you open the door ,please ?

  can / could you tell me the time ?

 

CAN I…?

 

SE USA  PARA PEDIR PERMISO      ( PUEDO ?)

 

Tom, can i take your umbrella ?

(At phone) Hello. Can I speak to gary,please ?

 

 

CAN I HAVE…?

 

SE USA PARA PEDIR COSAS     ( QUISIERA… DESEARIA… ME DA…? )

 

Can I have the bill ,please?

Can I have these postcards,please?

 

 

WHOULD YOU LIKE…?

 

QUIERES…?   (LITERALMENTE:TE GUSTARÍA?)

 

PARA OFRECER ALGO:

Would you like some coffee

PARA INVITAR A ALGUIEN:

Would  you like to come to a party ?

“QUISIERA” ES UNA MANERA EDUCADA DE PEDIR ALGO:

I’d like a drink

 

REQUEST

RESUME

 

CAN YOU…? O COULD YOU..?

 

SE USAN PARA PEDIR A LAS PERSONAS QUE HAGAN ALGO  

 (PUEDES, PODRÍAS?)

 

CAN I…?

 

SE USA  PARA PEDIR PERMISO      (PUEDO?)

 

CAN I HAVE…?

 

SE USA PARA PEDIR COSAS  (QUISIERA..DESEARIA.. ME DA..?)

WHOULD YOU LIKE…?

 

QUIERES…?   (LITERALMENTE:  TE GUSTARÍA? )

 

FUTURE FORMS

 

WILL

 

DECISION EN EL MOMENTO

I’ll give you my phone number. Ring me tonight

I’ll check her diary for you

I’ll phone back later

 

PREDICCION DE FUTURO

Tomorrow will be warm and sunny

I’m sure you‘ll pass your exam

 

 

GOING TO

 

DECISION ANTES DEL MOMENTO (Ya premeditadas)

We’re going to have a holiday

My daughter’s going to study spanish in madrid

 

CERTEZA DE QUE ALGO VA A SUCEDER

Look  at those clouds. It’s going to rain

 

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

 

PLANES FUTUROS CERCANOS

especialmennte con los verbos

go, come, see, meet, leave have(dinner etc)

Pat and Peter are coming for a meal  tonight

We’re having salmon for supper

 

BECAUSE Y BECAUSE OF

 

LA DIFERENCIA ENTRE ES QUE

BECAUSE OF NO VA ACOMPAÑADO DE VERBO

 

He didn’t come BECAUSE he was ill

He didn’t come BECAUSE OF his illness

 

I WORK (sus prepocisiones de lugar)

IN…..: a city / country / region

AT….: (Inside of) Hospital / chemist’s / market

FOR ….: Big Companies

 

 

Acontecimientos que van o pueden suceder

 

1º Seguro que va a suceder:

You’re going to have an accident

 

2º PREDICCION (CON EL CONDICIONAL IF):

You’ll have an accident if…

 

3º POSIBILIDAD DE QUE OCURRA:

You might / may have an accident

(Might : menos posible / May : más posible)

 

WILL……..: DECISION EN EL MOMENTO

SHALL……….: OFRECIMIENTOS

MIGHT/MAY ………..: NO ESTAS SEGURO QUE SUCEDA

GOING TO………..: DECISION PREMEDITADA

PRESENT CONTINUOUS…………: PLANES FUTUROS CERCANOS

 

 

MIGHT / MAY

 

QUIZAS… / ES POSIBLE…/ PUEDE

 

SE USA PARA DECIR ALGO QUE NO ESTAMOS SEGURO QUE SUCEDA

 

You haven’t decided if you really want to go to the party:  I might go .I’m not sure

You’re not sure if you want to go to the cinema tonight:I might see a film this evening

 

Might y May van seguidos de un infinitivo “sin to”

 

MIGHT ES MAS COMUN EN INGLES HABLADO

Take your umbrella . It migth rain /Quizas llueva

Ann  may phone tonight / Es posible que Ann llame esta noche

 

 

 

 

 

LA NEGACION

 

MIGHT NOT / MAY NOT

 

QUIZÁS NO

I might not go to work / Quizas no vaya a trabajar

Sue may not come to … / Quizas Sue no venga a ….

 

PARA PEDIR PERMISO

 

MAY  I ?

   

 PUEDO?

May I smoke?  / Puedo fumar?

May I sit here?  /  Puedo sentarme aquí?

 

 

LIVING IN THE MATERIAL WORLD

 

CUAL ES LA DIFERENCIA ENTRE…. ?

 

LEND…: DEJAR PRESTADO / BORROW…:PEDIR PRESTADO

WIN…: GANAR UN PREMIO  / EARN…: GANAR DINERO TRABAJANDO

SPEND…: GASTAR  /  WASTE…: DERROCHAR

INHERIT…: HEREDAR  /  INVEST…: INVERTIR 

WEALTHY …: ADINERADO  /  BROKE…: ARRUINADO

VOCABULARY IN REFERENCE TO THE «MONEY»

 

 

BANK LOAN	PRESTAMO BANCARIO
BANKRUPT	ARRUINADO
BROKE	SIN UN DURO
CAN’T AFFORD	NO PODERSELO PERMITIR
DEBT	DEUDA
EXCHANGE RATE	TIPO DE CAMBIO
FOOTBALL POOLS	QUINIELAS
FOREING CURRENCY	MONEDA EXTRANJERA
GIVE AWAY	DAR, DONAR
INCOME	INGRESOS (POR SUELDO)
INHERIT	HEREDAR
INVEST	INVERTIR
LIKELIHOOD	PROBABILIDAD
MORTGAGE	HIPOTECA
NOTE	BILLETE
OWE	DEBER DINERO / UN FAVOR…
SAFE	CAJA FUERTE
SHARES	ACCIONES DE BOLSA
SPEND	GASTAR DINERO
TO SHOW OFF	ALARDEAR
WASTE (MONEY)	DERROCHAR
WEALTHY	ADINERADO,RICO
WILL	TESTAMENTO
YIELD	RENDIMIENTO

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FIRST  CONDITIONAL

PARA HABLAR DE POSIBILIDADES FUTURAS Y SUS CONSECUENCIAS

if + present… future + INFINITIVE

If she takes a taxi, she’ll be here in ten minutes

she’ll be here in ten minutes, If she takes a taxi

                             Si toma un taxi, Estará aquí en diez minutos

 Estará aquí en diez minutos, si toma un taxi

En este caso es posible que se cumpla la condición expresada.

 

SECOND CONDITIONAL

PARA HABLAR DE UN PRESENTE IMAGINARIO O UNA SITUACION FUTURA Y SUS CONSECUENCIAS

if + past…conditional (WOULD / WOULDN’T)+ INFINITIVE

If she took a taxi, She would be here in ten minutes

She would be here in ten minutes, If she took a taxi

                             Si tomara un taxi, estaría aquí en diez minutos

 Estaría aquí en diez minutos, si tomara un taxi

If I had any money, I would lend it to you

 I would lend it to you, If I had any money

Si tuviera dinero, te lo prestaría (pero no tengo dinero)

Te lo prestaría, si tuviera dinero,

En este caso es menos probable que se cumpla la condición expresada.

En las oraciones condicionales a menudo se utiliza were en lugar de was, sobre todo en la expresión if I were you (yo que tú):

If I were you, I would go and see a doctor

 

PUNTUALIZACIONES

 

·        EL SUBJUNTIVO EN ESPAÑOL ES PRESENT SIMPLE EN INGLÉS

 

I’ll do It    if….I have time

 I’ll do It    when ….I have time

I’ll do It    as soon as ….I have time

 

Lo haré si….tengo tiempo

Lo haré cuando….tenga tiempo

Lo haré tan pronto como….tenga tiempo

 

·        En los ejemplos anteriores: I will have time :

 NUNCA  WILL !!!

 

I’ll do It    if….I will have time

 I’ll do It     when ….I will have time

I’ll do It   as soon as ….I will have time

 

 

·        IF + NEGATIVE = UNLESS + AFFIRMATIVE

 

If he doesn’t arrive earlier , I’ll sack him

Si no llega mas pronto, le despedirè

Unless he arrives earlier , I’ll sack him

A menos que llegue mas pronto,le despedirè

 

VERBOS MODALES DE OBLIGACION

 

VERBO MODAL	NEGATIVO	CONTRACCION	TRADUCCION AFIRM.
MUST   PERSONAL OBLIGATION	MUST NOT	MUSTN’T   PROHIBITION	DEBER,TENER QUE  NO DEBER ,NO TENER QUE
HAVE TO   EXTERNAL OBLIGATION	DO NOT HAVE TO	DON’T HAVE TO   ABSENCE OF OBLIGATION IT’S NO NECESSARY	TENGO /NO TENGO QUE
SHOULD   CONSEJO RECOMENDACION	SHOULD NOT	SHOULD’T	TENDRIAS / NO TENDRIAS

 

EJEMPLOS

 

MUST:      OBLIGACION PERSONAL (impuesta por uno mismo)

I must remember her birthday

 

MUSTN’T:   PROHIBICION

You mustn’t park here

 

HAVE TO:     OBLIGACION EXTERNA (impuesta por ley u otros)

You have to drive on the left

 

DON’T HAVE TO:     AUSENCIA DE OBLIGACION

It’s free. You don’t have to pay

 

SHOULD:     CONSEJO, RECOMENDACION

You should drive more slowly

 

SHOULDN’T:     CONSEJO, RECOMENDACION

You shouldn’t eat so much

 

 

Past Perfect

                                                                             AFIRMATIVE       NEGATIVE             QUESTIONS

PAST PERFECT HAD + P.P

A past acction that happened before than another past acction

I HAD FINISHED WORK AT 6.00

I HADN’T FINISHED WORK AT 6.00

WHEN HAD YOU FINISHED WORK?

 

We arrived too late. They had already gone. (they went before we arrived)

Llegamos tarde.Ya se habian ido. (Se fueron antes de que llegaramos)

 

Formación. Se forma con el pasado del verbo to have y el participio del verbo que se conjuga:

I had worked              we had worked

you had worked           you had worked

he/she/it had worked  they had worked

 

Uso. Para referirse a acciones anteriores a determinado momento en el pasado. Es el equivalente pasado del present perfect y se usa de forma paralela:

I had already seen that film                   ya había visto la película

 

Sin embargo, con este tiempo, a diferencia de con el present perfect, se puede especificar el momento en que había ocurrido la acción:

I wasn’t hungry because I had had breakfast half an hour before

 

RELATIVE CLAUSES

Las frases  de relativo, son usadas para ampliarnos la informacion y decirnos sobre quien o DE que cosas estamos hablando

 

WHO/THAT QUIEN /QUE

WHICH /THAT CUAL/QUE

WHERE DONDE

WHOSE CUYO /CUYA

 

The boy as gone into hospital   (Wich boy?)

the boy who lives next door has gone into hospital

the book is very good    (Wich book?)

The book that I bought yesterday is very good

 

WHO/THAT…QUIEN /QUE

 Who lo usamos para referirnos a personas

That lo usamos para referirnos a cosas

 

The book is about a girl who marries a millonaire

What was the name of the horse that won the race?

 

 Si who o that es el sujeto de la oracion deben de usarse:

I like people who are  kind and considerate

 

Si who  o that es el objeto de la oracion deben quitarse:

The person you need to talk to is on holiday

(Sujeto: you)

 

WHICH / THAT…..CUAL / QUE

Puede ser usado para referirnos a toda oracion o idea anterior

Jane can´t come to the party,wich is a shame

 

WHERE…DONDE

Where lo usamos para referirnos a lugares

The hotel where we stayed  was right  on the beach

 

WHOSE…CUYO /CUYA

Usamos whose para referirnos a la posesion de alguien

That’s the woman whose son won the lottery

DEFINING RELATIVES

 

The actor who/that won The Oscar ir from New Zealand

 

The film which/that won The Oscar was about gladiators

 

The film where/in which the ceremony took place was in L.A.

 

The film whose direction  won The Oscar was Gladiator

 

This is the person who works for me

Esta es la persona que trabaja para mi

(La persona : sujeto)

 

This is the person who I work for

Esta es la persona para la que trabajo

(Yo : sujeto)

 

That is the car which cost 1 million Pounds

Este es el coche que cuesta 1 millón de Libras

(El coche : sujeto)

 

That is the car which I like

Este es el coche que me gusta

(A mí: sujeto) 

 

WHO / WHICH SON OMITIDOS A MENUDO CUANDO EL VERBO DESPUES DEL PRONOMBRE RELATIVO

(WHO / WHICH )TIENE UN SUJETO DIFERENTE

 

NON-DEFINING RELATIVES

 

Se usan para dar informacion extra sobre una persona , lugar o cosa.

 

La frase que contiene el relativo,

va siempre  entre comas. (ó coma y punto)

 

 

En este tipo  de uso del relativo,

no podemos omitir which /who, where and whose

como antes que se daba el caso al cambiar el sujeto. 

 

 

No podemos usar that

 

 

·        The house ,which has a large garden, was just what they had always wanted

·        My mother ,who is 65, has just retired

·        Finally I arrived home, where my mother was waiting for me

·        Chester,where my parents live, is a beautiful town 

 

preposiciones Y EXPRESIONES de movimiento

 

 

·        go straight on……………..siga recto

·        on the left……………………. a la izquierda

·        on the right…………………. a la derecha

·        take the firsT/second… street on……tome la 1ª,2ª…..calle a….

·        turn left…………………………tuerce a la izquierda

·        turn right…………………….. tuerce a la derercha

·        go past…………………………….  PASAR DE LARGO

·        TO CROSS………………………….  CRUZAR

·        CROSSROADS…………………..  CRUCE DE CAMINOS

·        ICE RINK…………………………..  PABELLON DE PATINAJE

·        ROUND ABOUT………………..   ROTONDA          

·        along………………………………. a lo largo

·        down………………………………….hacia abajo

·        up…………………………………………hacia arriba    

·        into ………………………… ……….hacia  dentro

·        out of………………………………. hacia fuera

·        over …………………………………..por encima

·        past…………………………………….pasar junto a

·        trough…atravesar; A TRAVES DE 3 DIMENSIONES O CUANDO HAY OBSTACULOS

·        ACROSS……………………………… A TRAVES DE UNA SUPERFICIE

·        UPHILL…………………………………CUESTA ARRIBA

·        DOWNHILL………………………… CUESTA ABAJO

·        KEEP WALKING…………………..CONTINÚA

·        KEEP GOING………………………. SIGUE

·        AS FAR AS………………………….. HASTA

·        HALFWAY…………………………… MITAD DE LA CALLES

·        JUCTION……………………………. CRUCE DE CALLES

·        CROSSROAD………………………. CRUCE DE CARRETERAS

·        CAR PARK……………………………. APARCAMIENTO                                                   

 

La voz pasiva

 

La voz pasiva se forma con el verbo to be y el participio pasado del verbo:

the cathedral was built in the seventeenth century

 

El presente pasivo se forma con:  am / is / are + past participle

 

El pasado pasivo se forma con : was / were + past participle

 

Si queremos indicar quien hizo la accion usamos el by

 

Usamos la pasiva cuando no estamos interesados en quien realiza la accion

 

Su uso es mucho más frecuente que el de la estructura equivalente en español, ya que se emplea también en frases como:

it was decided that…   se decidió que…

he was told the truth     le dijeron la verdad

my car is being repaired     me están arreglando el coche

 

             Positive        Negative           Questions

PRESENT	Rice is grown in china.   Cars are made in brazil	It isn’t grown in germany.   They aren’t made in monaco	Is it grown In france?   Are they made in korea
PAST	Paper was invented by chinese.   The pyramids were built  by the egiptians	It wasn’t invented by the greeks.   They weren’t built by the english	When was it invented?     Were they built by the pharaons?

The  passive  (examples)

+ Anna Karenina was written by leo tolstoy

–  Anna Karenina wasn’t written by william shakespeare

? Was Anna Karenina written by leo tolstoy ?

 

+ The pyramids were built by the egyptians

–  The piramids weren’t built by the greeks

? Were the pyramids built by the egyptians ?

 

+ The 1994 world cup was won by the brazilians

–  The 1994 world cup wasn’t won by the spanish

? Was the 1994 world cup won   by the brazilians ?

 

+  Paper was invented by the chinese

–   Paper wasn’t invented by the italians

?  Was paper invented by the chinese ?

 

+ The mona lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci

–  The mona lisa wasn’t painted by Miguel Angel Buonarotti

?  Was the mona lisa painted by Leonardo da Vinci ?

 

+  The olimpics games were started by the greeks

–  The olimpics  games weren’t  started by the romans

?  Were the olimpics games started by the greeks?

 

	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
Present simple	Make	Is made
Past simple	Made	Was made
Present continuous	Is making	Is being made
Past continuous	Was making	Was being made
Present perfect	Has made	Has been made
Past perfect	Had made	Had been made
Future (will)	Will make	Will be made
Future (going to)	Is going to make	Is going to be made
Infinitive (with to)	To make	To be made

 

 

ASKING POLITELY FOR INFORMATION

 

·        Where’s the bookshop?

Excuse  me , is there a bookshop near here, please ?

Excuse me, do you know. / could you tell me if…..where the bookshop is ?

 

Notar que:  en la primera frase el verbo IS esta dentro de la frase porque forma parte de la pregunta que se hace.

 

SIN EMBARGO: en la segunda frase el verbo IS va al final de la frase porque la pregunta en sí es DO YOU KNOW/ could you tell me if…  ?

(Esta es mucho mas educada y correcta)

 

DOES this train stop at London Bridge

DO the shops open on Sunday

 

NOTAR QUE: en la primera frase,el auxiliar es DOES, por que,this train es 3ª persona del singular.

 

SIN EMBARGO: en la segunda frase, el auxiliar es DO, porque, the shops, es tercera persona pero del plural

 

Do the shops open on Sunday ?

Excuse  me, DO YOU KNOW if… the shops open on Sunday ?

 

How long does  the journey take ?

Excuse  me, could you tell me …How long the journey takes ?

 

Where do I have to get off ?

Excuse  me, could you tell me …Where I have to get off ?

 

Does this train stop at London Bridge ?

Excuse  me, DO YOU KNOW if…This train stops at London Bridge ?

La voz pasiva(II)

 

1ª Regla de la pasiva:

 

La pasiva, siempre tiene que tener una regla verbal más que la frase en activa.

e.g.

Activa ..: Everybody remembers Casablanca

Pasiva..: Casablanca is remembered by everybody

 

2ª Regla de la pasiva:

 

En la frase pasada a pasiva, la primera regla verbal,siempre conserva el mismo tiempo verbal.

e.g.

Activa..: Everybody remembers (Present Simple) Casablanca

Pasiva..: Casablanca is (Present Simple) remembered by everybody

 

3ª Regla de la pasiva:

 

En la  frase en pasiva,la regla verbal,siempre acabará en past participle

e.g.

Casablanca is remembered by everybody

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

OTRAS:

 

·        Cuando poner Being o Been ? (cuando la regla verbal consta de 3 elementos)

Cuando el verbo es TO BE  es Being

Cuando el verbo es TO HAVE es Been

 

·        Nunca ing detrás de have    has being

 

 

 

 

El comparativo y superlativo de los adjetivos

 

Los adjetivos de una sílaba, forman el comparativo agregando -er y el superlativo agregando -est:

tall      taller       tallest  /  he’s taller than me

big      bigger     biggest  /  it’s the biggest in the world

 

La mayoría de adjetivos de dos sílabas o más forman el comparativo usando more y el superlativo usando most:

famous more famous     most famous

careful               more careful           most careful

interesting          more interesting     most interesting

Algunos adjetivos de uso frecuente tienen comparativos y superlativos irregulares:

good    better             best/

bad     worse              worst

far      further/farther      furthest/farthest

many   more                most

much    more                most

little       less                 least

 

What’s the opposite of…?

 

Comparative Adjectives	Opposittes	Superlative Adjectives	Opposites
Longer	Shorter	The slowest	The fastest
Smaller	Bigger	The coldest	The hottest
Cheaper	More expensive	The safest	The most dangerous
More difficult	Easier	The saddest	The happiest
More interesting	More boring	The rudest	The most polite
Better	Worse	The best	The worst
More	Less	The most	The least

Para comparar dos cosas

 

·        Comparativo + than    or   Adverbio + than

Boxing is more dangerous than rugby

I can run faster than you

 

PARA EXPRESAR MAXIMOS O MINIMOS

 

·        The + Superlativo     or      The + Adverbio

She’s  the tallest player in the team

She plays  the best

 

 

Decir que dos cosas son lo mismo

 

·        As + Adjetivo + as         or      As + Adverbio + as

Our team is as good as yours

He can play as well as me

 

·        The same as

My racket is the same as yours

 

ADJECTIVE	COMPARATIVE	SUPERLATIVE	SPELLING
TALL HAPPY	TALLER HAPPIER	THE TALLEST THE HAPPIEST	+ er   comparative + EST  superlative
MODERN EXPENSIVE	MORE MODERN MORE EXPENSIVE	THE MOST MODERN THE MOST EXPENSIVE	+ more  comparative +THE MOST uperlative
GOOD BAD FAR	BETTER WORSE FARTHER	THE BEST THE WORST THE FARTHEST	IRREGULAR

 

N0TA

It is the least expensive

Es el menos caro

Se traduce por el menos porque least va seguido de un adjetivo

It consumes the least petrol

Consume la menor cantidad de gasolina

Se traduce por la menor cantidad porque least va seguido de un nombre

 

 

 

 

 

NARRATIVE TENSES

 

·        PAST SIMPLE

·        PAST PERFECT

·        PAST CONTINUOUS

 

Usamos  el PAST SIMPLE para hablar acerca de acciones consecutivas en el pasado

 

She bought a newspaper and then she had a coffee in a small café

 

(ella se tomo un café despues de comprar el periodico)

 

Usamos el PAST PERFECT para hablar acerca de algo que sucedió antes del tiempo del cual estamos hablando

 

When she went to pay, she saw that they had made a mistake in the bill

 

(Ellos cometieron el error antes de que ella pagara) 

 

Usamos el PAST CONTINUOUS (was/were + verb + ing) para describir una accion mas larga en continuo.

 

The sun was shining when she left the café

 

(La accion de continuo mas larga es que el sol estaba brillando.

Ella dejó el café es  una accion mas corta que sucede en mitad de la accion mas larga de continuo)

 

 

 

VERBOS MODALES DE DEDUCCION

 

·       MUST + Inf  (Seguro que es verdad) 

·       MIGHT/COULD + Inf (Posiblemente es verdad)

·       CAN’T + Inf (Es imposible)

 

Usamos MUST+ Inf para decir que estamos seguros que algo (logicamente) es verdad. El contrario es CAN’T BE

 

He must be out. All the lights are off.

They must be Italian.They’re speaking Italian

 

Usamos MIGHT / COULD + inf para decir que algo es posiblemente verdad.

 

She might be working. I’m not sure.

He might be at home or he might be at the gym.

 

 Usamos CAN’T para decir que algo es imposible

 

It can’t be true! I don’t believe it.

They can’t be in New York! I saw them this morning.

 

 

 

 

CONNECTORS

 

Usamos ALTHOUGH / THOUGH ,HOWEVER or ON THE OTHER HAND para introducir otra frase cuya  informacion  difiere de la primera

 

We had a good time ,although / though it rained a lot

She usually listens to pop music,however/on the other hand,She likes opera too.

 

ALTHOUGH / THOUGH significan lo mismo,

 

THOUGH no es usado al principio de la frase, suele ir en la mitad de esta.

 

HOWEVER or ON THE OTHER HAND solo pueden ser usados a principio de la frase.

 

 

Usamos Also o As well para introducir informacion similar adicional

 

He had some chocolate  cake, and he also had an ice cream.

He ha some chocolate cake and an ice cream as well

 

ALSO Y AS WELL, significan lo mismo,

 

ALSO, usualmente va antes del verbo principal , pero despues de BE.

Y AS WELL,siempre va al finalde la frase, como Too

 

 

ESTILO DIRECTO/INDIRECTO

 

v     Se llama  Estilo directo (DIRECT SPEECH), cuando el que habla o escribe  reproduce textualmente las palabras con las que se ha expresado el autor…

 

es decir: LAS PALABRAS DICHAS DIRECTAMENTE POR UNA PERSONA

 

 

v     Se llama estilo indirecto(REPORTED SPEECH) cuando hablamos en pasado sobre lo que alguien dijo, preguntó o escribió…

 

es decir: Cuando referimos con nuestras propias palabras

lo que el otro ha dicho anteriormente.

 

Pedro: Yo Trabajo aquí (I work here)

María: Pedro dijo que trabajaba alli (Peter said he worked there)

 

Un somero analisis de estos ejemplos nos revela que estas estructuras sintacticas son basicamentes ,coincidentes en inglés y español.

 

Nos revela  igualmente que:

 

a)     Las construcciones de estilo indirecto van precedidas de un verbo introductorio.

 

b)    Existe una estrecha correlacion temporal entre este verbo y los de las construcciones de estilo indirecto propiamente dicho.

 

c)     El paso de estilo directo a estilo indirecto implica cambios importantes en tres campos : Sujeto,(Yo / Pedro) Verbos (trabajo / trabajaba))

 y Adverbios (Aquí/ Allí.) (Observese los subrayados)

 

Estilo Directo:     Yo trabajo aquí.

Estilo Indirecto:    Pedro dijo que trabajaba allí

AFIRMACIONES)

 

(REPORTED SPEECH :  STATEMENTS)

 

Es usual que el tiempo del verbo en estilo directo se mueva un paso hacia el pasado para formar el estilo indirecto

I’m going  è  He said he was going

 

Si el verbo en el estilo directo está en Presente en el indirecto sigue en Presente

I come from Spain  è She says she comes from Spain

 

 

(preguntas)

 

(REPORTED  SPEECH : QUESTIONS)

 

1- El orden de las palabras en el reported question es igual que en el Direct speech.  (sujeto + verbo).

 

2- No hay inversion del sujeto y no se usan verbos auxiliares. No hay do/does/did.

What time is it? è He wants to know what time it is. 

Where do you live è She asked me where I lived

 

3- Si no hay question word (what, who, where…etc) o empieza por verbo,

 usamos “If”

Can you show me the way?

She asked him IF he could show her  the way

 

 

(ordenes

 

REPORTED  SPEECH : IMPERATIVES

 

Usamos “tell”para Afirmaciones y Ordenes,

 

Statements (Afirmaciones):

He told me that he was going

They told us that they were going abroad

 

Commands (Ordenes):

He told me to keep still

The police  told people to move on

 

SE FORMAN CON:VERBO + PERSONA+ TO+ INFINITIVO

 

PARA ORDENES NEGATIVAS USAMOS NOT TO

He told me not to tell anyone

 

peticiones,

REPORTED SPEECH : REQUEST

 

USAMOS “ASK” PARA ORDENES Y PREGUNTAS,

 

Commands (Ordenes):

He asked me to open my suitcase

She asked me not to smoke

 

Questions (Preguntas)

He asked me what I did for a living

She asked me why I had come

DIRECT & Reported speech

DIRECT SPEECH			REPORTED SPEECH
PRESENT SIMPLE I LIVE IN LONDON		PASA A	PAST SIMPLE SHE SAID SHE LIVED IN LONDON
PRESENT CONTINUOUS HE’S READING A BOOK		PASA A	PAST CONTINUOUS SHE SAID  HE WAS READING A BOOK
PRESENT PERFECT HE’S FINISHED THE BOOK		PASA A	PAST PERFECT SHE SAID  HE HAD FINISHED THE BOOK
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS I’VE BEEN WAITING FOR AN HOUR		PASA A	PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS SHE SAID SHE HAD BEEN WAITING FOR AN HOUR
PAST SIMPLE I TRIED TO GET TICKETS FOR THE THEATRE		PASA A	PAST PERFECT SHE SAID  SHE HAD TRIED TO GET TICKETS FOR THE THEATRE
FUTURE (WILL) I‘LL FINISH IT LATER		PASA A	CONDITIONAL (WOULD) SHE SAID  SHE WOULD FINISH IT LATER
FUTURE CONTINUOUS I’LL BE GOING TO UNIVERSITY IN A FEW YEARS		PASA A	CONDITIONAL CONTINUOUS SHE SAID  SHE WOULD BE GOING TO UNIVERSITY IN A FEW YEARS
PAST PERFECT		SE QUEDA EN	PAST PERFECT
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS		SE QUEDA EN	PAST PERFECT  CONTINUOUS
Bnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn		gggggggggggg	lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
SHALL/WILL		è	WOULD
CAN		è	COULD
MUST		è	MUST /HAD TO
SHOULD		è	SHOULD
OUGHT TO		è	OUGHT TO
MAY		è	MIGHT
ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ		ÑÑÑÑÑÑ	ÑÑllllllÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
I		è	HE / SHE
WE		è	THEY
MY		è	HIS/ HER
OURS		è	THEIRS
ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ		ÑÑÑÑÑÑ	ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑlllllllÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
HERE		è	THERE
THIS		è	THAT
THESE		è	THOSE
TODAY		è	THAT DAY
YESTERDAY		è	THE DAY BEFORE
LAST WEEK		è	THE WEEK BEFORE
TOMORROW		è	THE NEXT DAY
NOW		è	THEN
AGO		è	BEFORE
TONIGHT		è	THAT NIGHT
THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW		è	IN TWO DAYS’TIME
THE DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY		è	TWO DAYS BEFORE
DON’T		è	NOT TO
STATEMENTS   AFIRMATIVAS / NEGATIVAS	UN TIEMPO ATRÁS EN EL PASADO SAID  / TOLD ME…		I’M GOING HE SAID HE  WAS GOING
QUESTIONS   PREGUNTAS	ORDEN:   ASKED ME… SUJETO + VERBO		SHE ASKED ME WHERE I LIVED SHE ASKED him IF he could  show her  the way
COMMANDS   ORDENES	VERB+ PERS.+TO+INF NEGATIVO : NOT TO   TELL		HE TOLD ME TO DRIVE FASTER HE TOLD ME NOT TO DRIVE FASTER
REQUEST    PETICIONES	VERB+ PERS.+TO+INF NEGATIVO : NOT TO ASK		SHE ASKED ME TO OPEN MY BAG SHE ASKED ME NOT TO SMOKE

 

 

 

-ED /-ING ADJECTIVES

 

USAMOS EL ADJETIVO CON TERMINACION –ED,PARA EXPRESAR

“COMO “NOS SENTIMOS NOSOTROS” = PARA PERSONAS

 

We were exhausted after the long flight

Estabamos agotados despues del largo vuelo 

I’m bored

Estoy aburrido

 

USAMOS EL ADJETIVO CON TERMINACION –ING,PARA EXPRESAR  QUE

“ALGO ES DE UNA MANERA” =  PARA COSAS

 

The long flight was exhausting

El largo vuelo fue agotador

It’s boring

Es aburrido

ED=COMO NOS SENTIMOS. PARA PERSONAS	ESTOY:	ING = COMO ES ALGO. PARA COSAS	ES:
FRIGHTENED	ASUSTADO	FRIGHTENING	ATERRADOR
BORED	ABURRIDO	BORING	ABURRIDO
SURPRISED	SORPRENDIDO	SURPRISING	SORPRENDENTE
TIRED	CANSADO	TIRING	CANSADO
DEPRESSED	DEPRIMIDO	DEPRESSING	DEPRESIVO
TERRIFIED	ATERRORIZADO	TERRIFYING	TERRORIFICO
ANNOYED	ENFADADO	ANNOYING	MOLESTO
EXCITED	EXCITADO	EXCITING	EXCITANTE
EMBARRASED	AVERGONZADO	EMBARRASING	EMBARAZOSO
FASCINATED	FASCINADO	FASCINATING	FACINANTE

 

 

 

IN CASE

 (POR SI)

USAMOS IN CASE CUANDO SUGERIMOS QUE SE HAGA ALGO PORQUE MAS TARDE HAY UNA POSIBILIDAD DE QUE SUCEDA ALGO Y NOS HAGA FALTA LO SUGERIDO

 

DESPUES DE IN CASE USAMOS PRESENT ,PERO TAMBIÉN PODEMOS USAR EL PASADO SI EL VERBO PRINCIPAL ESTA EN ESTE TIEMPO

Take a map in case you get lost

Coge un mapa por si te pierdes

 

 

 

SOME PHRASAL VERBS

 

PHRASAL VERB			EXAMPLE			TRANSLATION
BE ON			THERE’S A GOOD FILM ON TV			PONER (TV,CINE)
BE OVER			THE MATCH IS OVER			ACABAR
BREAK DOWN			MY CAR HAS BROKEN DOWN			ROMPER
BREAK UP			HE BROKE UP WITH HIS GIRLFRIEND			TERMINAR (UNA RELACION)
FALL OVER			HE FELL OVER AND BROKE HIS LEG			CAERSE
FILL IN			FILL IN THE FORM,PLEASE			RELLENAR
FIND OUT			FIND OUT WHAT IT MEANS			DESCUBRIR
GET AROUND			THE BEST WAY TOGET AROUND IS BY CAR					VIAJAR (POR LA CIUDAD)
GET IN (TO) GET OUT (OF)				GET INTO THE CAR.WE’RE LEAVING				ENTRAR/SALIR DE UN COCHE
GET ON/ FF			GET OFF THE BUS AT THE NEXT STOP			ENTRAR /SALIR OCHE,BUS…
GET ON WITH			I GET ON WELL WITH MY SISTER			LLEVARSE BIEN
GET UP			SHE GETS UP AT 7 EVERY MORNING			LEVANTARSE
GIVE AWAY			HE GAVE AWAY ALL HIS MONEY			DAR (DINERO)
GIVE BACK			GIVE ME BACK MY BALL			DEVOLVER
GIVE UP			I’VE DECIDED TO GIVE UP SMOKING			DEJAR
GO AWAY			WE WENT AWAY FOR A WEEKEND			SALIR DE  LA CIUDAD
GO OUT			WE WENT OUT LAST NIGHT			SALIR DE LA CASA
GO BACK			HE WENT BACK TO WORK			VOLVER
GO DOWN			THE TEMPERATURE HAS GONE DOWN			BAJAR
GO/CARRY ON			HE WENT ON SPEAKING FOR TWO HOURS					SEGUIR,CONTINUAR
GO UP			PRICES ARE GOING UP			SUBIR
HOLD ON			PLEASE HOLD ON A MOMENT			ESPERAR
HARRY UP			HURRY UP.WE’RE LATE			DARSE PRISA
LIE DOWN			HE LAY DOWN ON THE BED			TENDERSE
LOOK AFTER			HE’S LOOKING AFTER THE CHILDREN			VIGILAR
LOOK FOR			I’M LOOKING FOR A JOB			BUSCAR
LOOK FORWARD TO			I’M LOOK FORWARD TO SEEING YOU			TENER GANAS QUE SUCEDA ALGO
LOOK UP			CAN YOU LOOK UP THIS WORD IN THE DICTIONARY?			BUSCAR INFORMACION EN UN LIBRO
PAY BACK			I’LL PAY YOU BACK TOMORROW			DEVOLVER DINERO PRESTADO
PICK UP	I’LL PICK YOU UP AT YOUR HOUSE AT 7				RECOGER A ALGUIEN O ALGO DEL SUELO
PUT ON			PUT ON YOUR COAT .IT’S COLD			VESTIR
PUT OFF	LET’S PUT OFF THE MEETING UNTIL MONDAY					POSPONER,ATRASAR
RUN OUT OF			OH.NO! WE’RE RUNNING OFF PETROL			QUEDARSE SIN AGO
RUN OVER			HE WAS RUN OVER BY A BUS			ATROPELLAR
SET OFF			THEY SET OFF EARLY IN THE MORNING			PONERSE EN CAMINO
SWITCH / TURN OFF			PLEASE SWITCH /TURN OFF THE LIGHTS			APAGAR/DESCONECTAR
SWITCH / TURN ON			FIRST SWICHT /TURN ON THE ENGINE			ENCENDER /CONECTAR
TAKE BACK			I’M GOING TO TAKE THIS SWEATE BACK			DEVOLVER / CAMBIAR
TAKE OFF			THE PLANE TOOK OFF HE WAS HOT SO HE TOOK OFF HIS JACKET				DESPEGAR UN AVION / QUITARSE UNA PRENDA
TAKE OUT			SHE TOOK SOME MONEY OUT OF THE BANK				SACAR
THROW AWAY			HE THROW  THE SHOES AWAY			TIRAR A LA BASURA
TRY ON			CAN I TRY THESE JEANS ON?			PROBARSE ROPA
TURN UP /DOWN		CAN YOU TURN UP THE TV? I CAN’T HEAR IT					SUBIR (EL VOLUMEN)
WAKE UP			I WAKE UP AT 8 EVERY MORNING			DESPERTAR
WASH UP			I’LL COOK IF YOU WASH UP			LAVAR

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

THIRD CONDITIONAL

Expresa una condición que ya no se puede cumplir:

En este caso es IMposible que se cumpla la condición expresada.

 

(para especular sobre algo que sucedió el el pasado y podría haber sido diferente)

if + past perfect…WOULd+ HAVE + PAST PARTiciple (conditional perfect)

 

If she had taken a taxi, she would have been here in ten minutes

She would have been here in ten minutes ,If she had taken a taxi

 

Si hubiera tomado un taxi, habría estado aquí en diez minutos

Ella habria estado aquí si hubiera tomado un taxi

 

Podemos usar could ó might en vez de would

 

If I’d worked harder, I could have passed the exam

I could have passed the exam If I’d worked harder

 

Si yo hubiera trabajado mas duro, podria haber aprobado el examen

Podria haber aprobado el examen si hubiera trabajado más duro

 

 

 

	Vowels & diphtongs		consonants
i:	see /si:/	p	pen /pen/
I	sit  /sit/	b	bad /bQd/
e	ten /ten/	t	tea  /ti:/
Q	hat /hQt/	d	did /did/
A:	arm /A:m/	k	cat /kQt/
	got /gt/	g	got /gt/
:	saw /s	tS	chin /tSin/
U	put  /pUt/	dZ	June /dZu:n/
u:	too /tu	f	fall /f:l/
Ã	cup /kÃp/	v	voice /vis/
I	happy /’hQpi/	T	thin /Tin/
Î:	fur /fÎ:(r)/	D	then /Den/
«	ago /«’g«U/	s	so /s«U/
ei	page /peidZ/	z	zoo /zu
«U	home /h«Um/	S	she /Si:/
ai	five /faiv/	Z	vision /‘viZn/
aU	now /naU/	h	how /h«U/
I	join /dZIn/	m	man /mQn/
I«	near /nI«( r)/	n	no /n«U/
e«	hair /he«(r )/	N	sing /siN/
U«	pure /pjU«( r )/	l	leg  /leg/
		r	red /red/
		j	yes /jes/
		w	wet /wet/

 

VERBOS MODALES DE OBLIGACION

 

VERBO MODAL	NEGATIVO	CONTRACCION	TRADUCCION AFIRM.
MUST   PERSONAL OBLIGATION	MUST NOT	MUSTN’T   PROHIBITION	DEBER,TENER QUE  NO DEBER ,NO TENER QUE
HAVE TO   EXTERNAL OBLIGATION	DO NOT HAVE TO	DON’T HAVE TO   ABSENCE OF OBLIGATION IT’S NO NECESSARY	TENGO /NO TENGO QUE
SHOULD   CONSEJO RECOMENDACION	SHOULD NOT	SHOULD’T	TENDRIAS / NO TENDRIAS

 

EJEMPLOS

 

MUST:      OBLIGACION PERSONAL (impuesta por uno mismo)

I must remember her birthday

 

MUSTN’T:   PROHIBICION

You mustn’t park here

 

HAVE TO:     OBLIGACION EXTERNA (impuesta por ley u otros)

You have to drive on the left

 

DON’T HAVE TO:     AUSENCIA DE OBLIGACION

It’s free. You don’t have to pay

 

SHOULD:     CONSEJO, RECOMENDACION

You should drive more slowly

 

SHOULDN’T:     CONSEJO, RECOMENDACION

You shouldn’t eat so much

 

 

 

 

 

VERBOS MODALES DE DEDUCCION

 

·         MUST + Inf  (Seguro que es verdad) 

·         MIGHT/COULD + Inf (Posiblemente es verdad)

·         CAN’T + Inf (Es imposible)

 

Usamos MUST+ Inf para decir que estamos seguros que algo (logicamente) es verdad. El contrario es CAN’T BE

 

He must be out. All the lights are off.

They must be Italian.They’re speaking Italian

 

Usamos MIGHT / COULD + inf para decir que algo es posiblemente verdad.

 

She might be working. I’m not sure.

He might be at home or he might be at the gym.

 

 Usamos CAN’T para decir que algo es imposible

 

It can’t be true! I don’t believe it.

They can’t be in New York! I saw them this morning.

 

 

Filed under: APUNTES DE INGLES. ESCUELA OFICIAL DE IDIOMAS | Tagged: Gramatica Inglesa |